Dumpster & Waste Management Glossary & Terminology

A

Aerobic: involving the presence of oxygen. In composting, specific bacteria rely on oxygen to decompose organic materials, a process referred to as aerobic decomposition.

Agricultural waste: waste produced during agricultural activities, which includes both organic waste (like crop remnants and animal manure) and hazardous waste (such as pesticides).

Anaerobic: occurring without oxygen. In landfills, certain bacteria decompose organic matter without oxygen, generating methane gas through a method known as anaerobic decomposition.

Ash (also combustion ash): the solid byproduct that remains after waste has been burned.

B

Backyard composting: a practice where homeowners gather kitchen scraps (excluding meat and fats) and yard debris for decomposition in a personal compost pile. This compost can enhance the soil in their gardens.

Bacteria: single-celled organisms that play a crucial role in breaking down organic materials, utilizing either aerobic or anaerobic processes.

Bedding: organic materials, such as shredded paper, utilized to retain moisture and ensure proper air flow and drainage, creating a conducive environment for worms in a vermicomposting setup.

Biodegradable: materials capable of breaking down, typically through the action of bacteria or sunlight, into fundamental components. Most organic items (such as paper, grass clippings, and food leftovers) are biodegradable when conditions are favorable.

Biodegradable waste: waste that can be decomposed by microorganisms into organic molecules through processes like aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion.

Biodiversity (also known as biological diversity): a measure of the variety of different species of plants and animals present in a natural setting. A rich diversity of species within an ecosystem indicates a thriving environment.

Brownfields: industrial or commercial land that is either abandoned or underutilized, which cannot be redeveloped or expanded due to actual or perceived pollution from toxic substances.

Bulk: the practice of purchasing products, such as food, unpackaged or in larger quantities to minimize waste from packaging. For instance, opting for a large bottle of juice instead of multiple smaller containers is an example of buying in bulk.

Bulky waste: oversized items, such as furniture or appliances, that standard waste collection services cannot accommodate. Residents may need to arrange for a separate pickup of these large items, often for a fee, through their local council.

Business waste: all types of waste produced by businesses. Depending on the nature of the business, this waste may be categorized as commercial (e.g., from restaurants, shops, offices) or industrial (e.g., chemical byproducts, manufacturing waste, construction debris).

Byproduct: surplus material or waste generated alongside the primary product. For instance, sludge produced during paper manufacturing is a byproduct. Manufacturers often seek innovative ways to reuse or recycle these byproducts to diminish waste.

C

Carbon dioxide: a naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere produced by oceans, decaying plants, and the respiration of living organisms. It is also a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels.

Carbon footprint: an assessment of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, business, or specific actions. This metric illustrates the environmental impact of various products, services, and brands.

Castings: nutrient-rich manure from red wiggler worms that can be utilized as a soil conditioner, enhancing aeration, drainage, and nutrients in the soil.

Chemical waste: materials containing hazardous chemicals. Like other forms of hazardous waste, it must be stored, treated, and disposed of properly, in accordance with relevant regulations.

Climate: the long-term average weather conditions, incorporating factors like temperature, moisture, and wind patterns at a specific location or on a global scale. For example, Southern Florida has a warm, sunny, and dry climate.

Clinical waste: waste produced by healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics, and dental practices. This medical waste cannot be disposed of with general waste due to the possibility of containing hazardous materials, including chemicals, infectious items, or sharps like syringes.

Closing the loop: the practice of acquiring products made from recycled materials. Recycling forms a cycle; it isn’t sufficient to merely collect recyclables for the creation of new products—consumers must also purchase items made from recycled content, thereby completing the cycle.

Combustion/Incineration: a rapid chemical reaction producing heat, gas, ash, and often light through the process of burning. This method serves as one option for disposing of municipal solid waste and can also treat or dispose of hazardous waste. Refer to combustor, waste-to-energy.

Combustor/Incinerator: a facility designed for the controlled incineration of waste. The burning of municipal solid waste can significantly reduce its volume and weight, while some plants capture energy from the resulting steam or heat. When burning hazardous waste, it is viewed as a treatment process that diminishes the hazardous characteristics of the waste.

Commingled waste: recyclable materials, including paper, plastic, metal, and glass, collected in a single stream system.

Compaction: the practice of compressing materials to minimize their volume; a standard procedure at sanitary landfills.

Compost: a crumbly, earthy substance with a pleasant odor consisting of decomposed organic matter (like leaves and food scraps), created in a regulated, thermophilic environment, frequently used to enhance soil texture, water retention, and aeration.

Composting: the systematic biological breakdown of organic materials under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, wherein microorganisms decompose organic matter into compost, also referred to as humus. Composting can occur in various settings, including backyard bins, piles, long windrows, or vermicomposting containers.

Conservation: the responsible management of natural resources to ensure their availability for future generations; involves the sustainable use of resources for long-term benefit.

Consumption: the quantified usage of products or resources (such as materials or energy) within a specified timeframe by a defined number of consumers.

Contamination: the introduction of one substance into another, compromising its quality; the process of polluting by contact with potentially harmful materials.

Corrosive: a substance that can dissolve or degrade other materials (especially metals) or cause skin burns, displaying a pH level lower than 2 or higher than 12.5.

Compostable waste: any organic material capable of naturally breaking down into non-toxic components (carbon dioxide, water, and biomass) when subjected to appropriate conditions over time.

Construction demolition waste: debris collected from construction and demolition operations, which may contain both hazardous materials (like asbestos) and non-hazardous materials (like concrete or bricks), along with recyclable components (such as metals, plastics, and glass).

Cradle-to-grave: a term used to describe the lifecycle of solid or hazardous waste, encompassing every stage from generation to disposal.

Curbside collection: a waste collection service provided by local authorities to households (and sometimes businesses) in the community. Residents place their waste containers at the curb, where

D

Decompose: to disassemble into fundamental parts under appropriate conditions of light, air, and moisture; commonly relates to substances like food and organic matter from plants and animals.

Deforestation: the act of clearing and removing trees from forested regions.

Deposit Return Scheme: A monetary incentive program intended to boost recycling rates by imposing small deposits on the cost of single-use bottles and cans. Consumers can reclaim their deposit in cash after returning these items to designated collection points. The DRS is slated for implementation in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland by 2025.

Disposable: items or materials that are typically discarded after a single use or after a limited period. Used paper plates serve as an example of disposable products.

Disposal: the action of discarding unwanted materials, which are often deposited in landfills or incinerated instead of being recycled, reused, or composted.

Disposal cell: a designated section within a sanitary landfill where waste is compacted to minimize space and is subsequently covered with soil daily.

Durable: products that can withstand prolonged use and wear, capable of being utilized multiple times. Appliances exemplify durable goods.

Dump: an unmanaged area where waste is discarded without any cover. Recent landfill regulations have made such dumps illegal. Refer to sanitary landfill for an alternative.

Duty of Care: a legal obligation for anyone who produces, holds, moves, disposes of, treats, or collects waste, ensuring its proper storage and disposal in compliance with current regulations to mitigate risks to public health and the environment.

E

Ecosystem: a community of interacting plants and animals alongside their nonliving environment. Examples of ecosystems encompass ponds, forests, and beaches.

Effluent: waste matter released into the environment; typically pertains to liquid byproducts from a manufacturing facility or a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Emission: the release of gases or particulates, as from a smokestack or car engine.

Energy: the ability of a system or object to perform work, such as causing changes through actions like pulling, pushing, or heating. For instance, energy generated from incineration can be converted to create electricity for communities.

Energy recovery: the process of transforming non-recyclable waste into heat, electricity, or fuel through methods like incineration or anaerobic digestion.

Environment: the external factors that shape the growth and survival of living organisms or populations; generally describes air, water, land, plants, and animals.

Environmental impact: the consequences of an activity or substance on the environment.

Environmentally preferable products: goods characterized by a lower negative impact on human health and the environment compared to similar products. This includes items made from recycled materials, those requiring less energy during production, or products that generate minimal waste, utilize less packaging, or are reusable or recyclable.

F

Flammable: a term for a substance that readily ignites and burns.

Fly-tipping: the illegal disposal of waste, particularly larger items like furniture or appliances, in public areas such as forests, fields, or along roadways.

Food chain: the pathway of energy transfer from one organism to another. For instance, a basic food chain can involve an insect feeding on a plant, which is then eaten by a bird.

Food waste: discarded food from households and businesses, encompassing leftover scraps as well as food items and ingredients rejected during production and processing.

Food web: the intricate, interconnected networks of food chains within ecosystems where diverse plant and animal species coexist and rely on one another for energy.

Fossil fuels: energy sources like petroleum or coal that have been formed over millennia from the remains of ancient organic life.

G

Garden waste or green waste: organic refuse produced from gardening or landscaping tasks, including grass clippings, leaves, and trimmings from hedges and trees.

General waste: non-hazardous, non-recyclable refuse created by households and businesses, also known as residual waste.

Geothermal energy: the earth’s internal heat harnessed from underground sources of steam or hot water trapped in porous rock formations.

Global climate change: variations in the average global temperature near the Earth’s surface, driven by natural processes or human activities, presenting serious risk factors globally, including potential flooding, droughts, and health crises.

Grasscycling: a technique of source reduction where grass clippings are left on the lawn instead of being bagged and collected.

Greenhouse effect: The occurrence of excessive heat retention within the Earth’s atmosphere can be attributed to a layer of gases. Gases that occur naturally, such as water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide, play a crucial role in sustaining the average surface temperature of the Earth. However, modifications brought about by human activities have resulted in an increase in the concentration of these gases, which is thought to intensify the impacts of global climate change.

Greenhouse gas: gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and certain chlorinated hydrocarbons that influence the heat-retention capabilities of the Earth’s atmosphere. An increase in these gases contributes to warming, affecting the global climate.

Ground water: water that is stored in the natural spaces within soil and rock beneath the surface. Many communities rely on ground water for their drinking supply.

H

Habitat: a locale where a living organism is typically found, providing essential resources like food, water, shelter, and space necessary for survival.

Hazardous waste: waste produced in considerable amounts by industrial facilities, characterized by properties such as toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, or reactivity. This waste type is regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to reduce risks to health and the environment.

Household hazardous waste: small quantities of leftover or unused hazardous materials within homes, such as paints, pesticides, and certain cleaning products. Caution is critical in handling, storing, or disposing of these items.

Humus: the organic component of soil, resulting from the breakdown of plant and animal matter by microorganisms.

I

Ignitable: a term for substances capable of combustion, with a tendency to catch fire at temperatures below 140°F.

Incineration: the process of burning waste to dispose of it.

Incinerators: devices or facilities designed specifically for waste burning.

Integrated waste management: a holistic strategy employing a variety of waste management techniques to safely and efficiently manage municipal solid waste. This approach includes source reduction, recycling, composting, incineration, waste-to-energy strategies, and landfilling.

J

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L

Landfill: a designated site for the disposal of non-hazardous and non-recyclable waste when no alternative disposal options are available. Strict regulations govern landfills to minimize air, soil, and water contamination risks.

Landfill reclamation: the process of excavating old disposal areas to recover recyclable materials.

Landfill tax: an environmental levy imposed on businesses that utilize landfills for waste disposal, charged based on weight (per tonne) in addition to standard fees.

Landfilling: the operation of transporting waste to a landfill site for disposal.

Leachate: the liquid that occurs when rainwater filters through a landfill, mingling with both toxic and non-toxic fluids created during biological decomposition. A sanitary landfill typically features a leachate collection system designed to capture and treat leachate, helping prevent groundwater contamination.

Leachate collection system: a structured set of layers and piping situated between primary and secondary liners in a landfill, intended to gather all leachate and prevent contamination of groundwater.

Leachate recovery facility: a specialized site established to collect liquids that seep from landfills, with the purpose of eliminating harmful or particulate contaminants.

Life cycle: The progression of events in an object’s life includes stages like growth, reproduction, decay, and renewal. In plants, seeds grow in favorable conditions, produce new seeds, decay into compost, and continue the cycle. Similarly, the product life cycle covers manufacturing, distribution, use, and disposal.

Liner: a protective layer made of plastic or clay placed in a sanitary landfill to obstruct leachate from escaping and contaminating adjacent groundwater.

Litter: refuse left in unintended locations, typically in public areas. Litter commonly consists of small items like food wrappers, cigarette butts, or plastic bottles.

M

Manufacturing: the systematic transformation of raw materials into finished goods, utilizing either manual labor or machinery.

Materials recovery facility (MRF): Also referred to as a materials recycling facility, this is a specialized center focused on accepting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials. There are two primary types of MRFs: clean MRFs, which solely handle recyclables (such as those collected via single-stream recycling), and dirty MRFs, which manage a mixed waste stream and separate recyclables from municipal solid waste on-site.

Methane: an imperceptible, odorless gas that is highly flammable and results from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in landfill sites. This gas acts as a powerful greenhouse gas, contributing to the phenomenon of global warming. In contemporary waste management practices, numerous landfills are equipped with systems that effectively capture methane emissions. This technology enables the collection of methane for various energy applications, such as heating buildings or supporting manufacturing processes.

Microorganisms: minute living entities, including bacteria, amoebas, and viruses.

Mixed waste: a waste stream characterized by various types of unsorted materials.

Municipal: referring to assets, goods, and services managed by local city or county governments.

Municipal solid waste: A classification of waste that includes both durable and single-use items, along with packaging, food scraps, plant-related refuse, and various inorganic waste materials gathered from households, some commercial establishments (like eateries), institutions (including schools or healthcare facilities), and specific industrial origins. It does not encompass nonhazardous industrial waste, wastewater, agricultural byproducts, hazardous materials, or debris from construction activities. Commonly referred to as garbage, trash, refuse, or debris.

Municipal solid waste landfill: see sanitary landfill.

N

Natural resources: materials or energy sourced from nature and its processes, such as water, minerals, and vegetation. Trees are a natural resource utilized in paper production, while sunlight serves as a natural energy source for residential heating.

NIMBY (Not In My Backyard): a phrase that captures the mindset of individuals resistant to having waste disposal facilities located within their communities.

Nonrenewable resources: naturally occurring materials that are finite and deplete at a pace faster than their natural regeneration. Examples include peat, petroleum, and certain metals, which are often scarce and take extensive periods to form while being rapidly consumed.

Nontoxic: free from substances that pose harmful, poisonous, or damaging effects.

O

Oil (crude oil): unrefined petroleum in its natural state.

Open dumps: the archaic and unsanitary practice of disposing waste in unlined and unprepared land areas.

Organic: derived from living entities (such as plants, animals, and humans), or from products cultivated or produced solely with natural inputs (e.g., corn grown using compost rather than synthetic fertilizers; haircare products formulated from botanical sources instead of artificial chemicals).

Organism: a living entity composed of cells and tissues; examples range from flora and fauna to humans and bacteria.

Organic waste: biodegradable and compostable materials originating from plant or animal sources, such as food scraps and garden refuse.

P

Packaging: protective materials—such as wrappers, containers, or stabilizers (like strapping or pallets)—designed to store, transport, display, and safeguard products while appealing to consumers.

Packaging waste recovery note: a document certifying that packaging waste has been successfully recovered or recycled. Regulations surrounding packaging waste enforce that obligated producers (businesses responsible for managing specific quantities of packaging materials) must recycle a certain fraction of their packaging.

Pathogen: an entity capable of causing illness, including specific bacteria like E. coli or Salmonella Typhi.

Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT): see unit-based pricing.

Petroleum: A naturally occurring fossil fuel, derived from subterranean deposits, consists of a mixture of solids, liquids, and gases that undergo refinement into a variety of products, including gasoline, wax, asphalt, and essential elements used in plastic manufacturing. This resource is commonly referred to as crude oil.

pH: a quantitative indicator of acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale spans from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity, 7 representing neutrality, and values above 7 classified as alkaline.

Photovoltaic (PV): a technology that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy.

Pollutant: any liquid, gas, solid, or particulate matter that leads to the contamination of air, water, soil, and living organisms.

Pollution: the adverse alteration of soil, water, or air quality due to the release of harmful substances.

Pollution prevention: strategies focused on mitigating or eliminating pollution at its source, encompassing practices that enhance resource conservation through improved efficiency in the utilization of raw materials, energy, water, and land. Refer to waste minimization.

Postconsumer content: the percentage of materials retrieved by consumers from the municipal solid waste stream. For instance, a newspaper may contain 30 percent recycled newsprint.

Postconsumer materials: materials obtained via recycling initiatives (that is, materials sourced from the municipal solid waste stream rather than internal industrial recycling processes). Such materials are frequently repurposed for creating new items. Recycled newspapers, for example, can be transformed into newsprint.

Post-consumer waste: any type of waste produced from items or materials that have been acquired and utilized by consumers prior to their final disposal (for instance, packaging, clothing, or food).

Preconsumer content: the percentage of materials rescued for reuse from the waste generated during a manufacturing process, instead of from consumer usage, that is later employed to produce a new product.

Processing: see manufacturing.

Product: an item created through manual labor or industrial processes for consumer acquisition and usage.

Pulp: a combination of fibrous substances such as wood, rags, and paper, processed and moistened for production purposes related to paper or cardboard.

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R

Raw materials: The basic, unprocessed inputs utilized in manufacturing products. These primary materials can include natural elements like wood or metals, as well as reclaimed resources such as crushed glass obtained through residential recycling.

Reactive: Likely to undergo spontaneous reactions when in contact with air, solids, or water; may detonate upon impact or release hazardous gases.

Recovered material content: See recycled content.

Recovered materials: Inputs utilized in manufacturing that are sourced from municipal recycling initiatives or collected from industrial operations (e.g., short paper fibers remaining after high-grade paper production, which can be repurposed for paperboard manufacturing).

Recovered resources: See resource recovery.

Recycling: The approach of converting recyclable waste and materials into new resources that can be utilized in product manufacturing, rather than depending on virgin raw materials. This methodology seeks to reduce the volume of waste sent to landfills and safeguard natural resources by ensuring the continuous use of materials. In this way, it plays a crucial role in mitigating environmental pollution and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.

Recycling bins: Containers designated for the segregation of recyclable items.

Recycling loop: The sequence of collecting and processing recyclables, manufacturing products from recycled materials, and purchasing items that contain these recovered resources. Consumers “close the recycling loop” by acquiring products with recycled content.

Recycled content: Also referred to as recovered material content, this term indicates the proportion of a product composed of materials retrieved from the post-consumer waste stream (postconsumer content) in conjunction with any salvaged industrial materials (preconsumer content).

Recyclable: Materials retaining useful physical or chemical characteristics after their original usage, enabling them to be reused or remanufactured into new products. Examples include plastic, paper, glass, metal cans, and used motor oil.

Recyclable waste: Items and materials capable of being collected, processed, and transformed into new products. Recycling diminishes the need for raw material extraction. Commonly recycled materials encompass paper, plastic, glass, and metal.

Refuse: Another term for trash or waste, incorporating both recyclable and general refuse.

Refuse-derived fuel: A type of fuel created from waste through energy recovery processes.

Renewable resource: Naturally occurring raw materials sourced from limitless or cyclical origins, such as solar energy, wind, water (hydroelectric energy), or trees. When effectively managed, renewable resources are replenished at a rate that matches their consumption.

Residential: Pertaining to homes and local communities.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): A framework of regulations overseeing hazardous waste management to safeguard human health and the environment.

Resource recovery: The practice of extracting materials from waste that can be repurposed as raw materials for new product manufacturing or converted into fuel or energy. A holistic resource recovery program may include recycling, waste-to-energy, composting, and other integrated components.

Resources: Inputs utilized for product creation, energy generation, or labor. Refer to natural resources, nonrenewable resources, and renewable resources.

Reusable: Materials that can be utilized again, either for their initial purpose or for a new function.

Reuse: An approach to source reduction involving the recovery or reapplication of a package, product, or material in a way that maintains its original form or identity.

Roof demolition: Roof waste encompasses all materials that are disposed of during the activities of constructing, mending, or replacing a roof. This category includes obsolete or compromised roofing elements such as shingles, tiles, metal panels, underlayment, insulation, and various other components integral to the roofing system.

Runoff: Water, typically resulting from precipitation, that flows over land rather than being absorbed, eventually entering water bodies. This runoff can carry substances, including soil or pollutants, into adjacent aquatic environments.

S

Sanitary landfill: A facility designed for the systematic management of waste is essential for reducing its health, safety, and environmental repercussions. The creation of a sanitary landfill entails the excavation of earth to install a barrier made of plastic or clay, effectively preventing the contamination of groundwater. Waste is placed within assigned sections and is regularly covered with a layer of soil on a daily basis. These landfills frequently integrate environmental monitoring systems to assess performance and control leachate and methane emissions. Certain locations are explicitly engineered to handle hazardous materials.

Scrap metal: Discarded metal items or materials (such as food cans, automobile parts, and used appliances). Scrap metal can be reprocessed into high-quality raw materials. Various metal types can be infinitely recycled without compromising their inherent properties and quality.

Single-stream recycling: A collection system where all recyclable materials are gathered into one waste stream and transported to a facility where sorting and processing occur.

Skip: A large receptacle for collecting and transporting waste materials.

Solid waste: See municipal solid waste.

Source reduction (also known as waste prevention): Any modification in the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) intended to decrease their volume or toxicity prior to transforming into municipal solid waste. Source reduction also encompasses the reuse of products or materials.

Sustainability: Practices that safeguard and enhance both human and natural resources, ensuring future generations can enjoy a comparable or improved quality of life.

T

Textile waste: Any discarded fabric materials, including clothing and waste produced during various manufacturing stages.

Thermophilic: Characterized as “heat-loving,” referring to organisms that thrive in high-temperature environments. In composting, heat-tolerant microorganisms decompose food scraps and yard waste into a fine, soil-like substance.

Tipping fee: A charge applied for the disposal of waste at sanitary landfills, waste-to-energy facilities, or composting sites, typically calculated per ton. Fees reflect the operational costs of the disposal facility and the volume of waste processed.

Toxic: Containing compounds that may pose significant risks to human health and/or the environment.

Treatment facility: An establishment that receives, categorizes, and processes waste materials.

U

Unit-based pricing/PAYT (Pay-As-You-Throw): An approach in which local residents incur charges for municipal solid waste services based on the actual volume or weight of the waste collected, rather than paying a fixed fee. For example, individuals might be required to acquire a sticker for each bag of refuse placed at the curb; the cost of the sticker corresponds to the volume of the bag and supports solid waste management services accordingly.

UV degradation refers to the harm caused by the sun’s ultraviolet rays.

V

Vermicomposting/vermiculture: A composting method that employs a specific type of earthworm known as red wigglers (Eisenia fetida), which consume an amount of organic matter equal to their weight each day. Over time, the organic material is converted into worm castings, a nutrient-rich substance that serves as exceptional natural fertilizer.

Virgin materials: Raw materials that have not undergone processing. For example, lumber sourced from freshly cut trees is classified as a virgin material, whereas lumber salvaged from broken pallets for new pallet production is considered a recyclable material.

Virgin resources: Raw materials that require extraction or harvesting from the Earth for product creation or energy generation.

W

Waste: See municipal solid waste.

Waste audit: A method for evaluating the quantity and characteristics of waste produced by organizations to pinpoint opportunities for enhancements that can lead to cost reductions and a lesser environmental footprint.

Waste collection truck: A specialized automobile/vehicle engineered for the automated collection of urban solid waste, eliminating the need for manual handling by sanitation personnel.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): The disposal and recycling of obsolete electronic devices and appliances—such as computers, televisions, and kitchen equipment—are essential due to their potentially hazardous or valuable components. Often, these items are cast aside despite still being operational and could be repurposed instead of contributing to landfill waste.

Waste hierarchy: A comprehensive ranking framework has been established to assess diverse waste management approaches concerning their environmental impact and sustainability. This system is designed to promote reductions in waste generation and enhance recycling efforts while concurrently reducing reliance on landfills.

Waste stream: The comprehensive flow of waste from its origin to its final disposal.

Waste transfer note (WTN): Businesses are mandated to complete waste transfer notes for each load of waste they manage.

Waste management: The systematic arrangement of processes that facilitates the collection, segregation at the source, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, and final disposal of waste materials.

Waste management hierarchy: A robust approach to solid waste management underscores the necessity of minimizing waste generation at its source as the foremost step. Following this, greater emphasis is placed on the practices of recycling and composting. In cases where waste cannot be repurposed, it should either be converted into energy via a waste-to-energy plant or disposed of in a properly managed landfill.

Waste minimization: Strategies aimed at reducing waste production prior to its generation (refer to source reduction) coupled with sustainable recycling practices. This is often applied within the context of hazardous waste management.

Waste prevention: See source reduction.

Waste-to-energy: A process wherein waste is transported to a facility and incinerated to produce steam or electricity.

Waste-to-energy facilities: Specifically designed installations that combust waste to generate energy captured for electricity production.

Waste stream: The entire cascade of solid waste generated from households, businesses, and institutions, designated for recycling, incineration, or landfill disposal.

Windrow: A large and extended accumulation of yard waste or other organic materials, employed in comprehensive composting processes and often subjected to mechanical aeration. Municipal composting initiatives commonly utilize windrows to facilitate the extensive decomposition of yard waste.

Wheelie bin: A standard waste container equipped with wheels for easier transport.

X Y Z

Yard trimmings: Organic materials such as grass, leaves, branches, and tree debris produced by residential, educational, or commercial properties, suitable for composting.

Zero waste: A philosophy advocating for sustainability and the reduction of waste generation.